HOW DANGEROUS SPEECH (DEHUMANIZATION) PLAYS A ROLE IN PERPETUATING CONFLICT DYNAMICS.

" Violence starts with dehumanization. Dehumanization starts with language " 

We understand dangerous speech as “any form of expression (speech, text, or images) that can increase the risk that its audience will condone or participate in violence against members of another group,” a definition coined by Susan Benesch

WHY IS DANGEROUS SPEECH A PROBLEM

Between 2010 and 2015, Nigeria lost 6,500 citizens and 62,000 others were displaced from their homelands in 850 recorded violent clashes between herdsmen and farmers in the Middle Belt region of the country. ( Oludayo Tade. University of Ibadan. June 29 2020).

3,641 people killed between January 2016 and October 2018, 57 percent of them in 2018 alone. (Amnesty). In almost all communities affected by herders-farmers conflicts are not living together let alone living in peace.

On International Day of Living Together in Peace, I am focused on the topic of dangerous speech because it’s important. Nigeria conflicts shows dangerous speech has been one of the major cause. Rotberg has rightly argued: “state failure is man-made and not merely accidental”(Rotberg, 2002:93). Many people do not know how easily dangerous speech can lead to violence. According to Conciliation Resources, since 2017, the conflict between farmers and herders across the country has claimed even more lives than Boko Haram and is now one of the country’s most pressing security concerns.
From 2009 Boko Haram insurgency has claimed 100.000 civilians lives and leave 7.7 millions in serious need of humanitarian assistance.

There is some historical support for this claim. Tutsi people were called cockroaches by the Hutu before the horrendous 1994 Rwanda genocide. Jews were called rats and vermin by Nazis before the Holocaust. For instance the Farmers- Harder clashes are promote by the elites dangerous speech. Between 2015 and 2019, conflicts between farmers and herders in central and northern Nigeria have claimed over 8,000 lives, with victims and perpetrators on both sides. While these conflicts are rooted in highly local disagreements over access to natural resources, DANGEROUS SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA has increasingly re-framed them as an existential threat to the entire nation, drawing more people into the conflict and deepening religious and ethnic divisions( By James Courtright, DANGEROUS SPEECH PROJECT). "No one has ever been born hating or fearing other people". That has to be taught it is a learned behavior – and those harmful lessons seem to be similar, though they’re given in highly disparate cultures, languages, and places. Leaders have used particular kinds of rhetoric to turn groups of people violently against one another throughout human history, by demonizing and denigrating or stereotyping others. 
Common dividing lines are religion, ethnicity, class or sexuality. However age is sometimes included.
But the good news is that research conducted by BEYOND CONFLICT and PIN has shown that it's very possible to change the narrative and rehumanize the other side.

WHAT SHOULD WE ALL DO.

* We must believe in humanity and desire to live together.
* We should avoid the use of dangerous speech when communicating (through speech, text or images) with others; 
* We should denounce and never promote dangerous speech when used by my community or political leaders; 
* We should establish and enhance mechanisms to prevent, mitigate, and respond to the use of dangerous speech in our communities;
 * We should share evidence-based knowledge on how to re-humanize members of other groups and the impact that will bring.
* We should rehumanize the other side.


Moses Homtapwa

Founder and CEO
Youth And Dreams Initiative

Youth And Dreams Initiative on Over view of InterSchools Athletics Competition NSSF Numan Chapter.


 Inter Schools Athletics Competition organized by NSSF Numan chapter. Started from Wednesday 3rd ended Saturday 6th March 2021, at GTC Numan with 9 (nine) participating schools, Villanova Government College (SS&JSS) won the competition. 

Almost 160 ( participants )Athletes from 9 (nine) schools, with approximately 3000 spectators. 85% of the spectators are students. 30 minor (fights) conflicts broke out during the competition which are controlled by the Staff, Officials and Securities.
More than 35 minor injuries/cuts treated by various schools. Dignitaries were present at the finals.

OPPORTUNITY

Many young talents are available at the grassroot(s) ready for development.

CHALLENGES

1. Security
2. Sporting facilities
3. Sponsorship

WHAT IS NSSF?

Nigerian School Sports Federation (NSSF). NSSF is a Federal government agency and introduced by the Federal Ministry of Education with the sole responsibility of undertaking sports administration at the grassroots level, that is, at the primary schools and post-primary schools level with a view to develop and promote sports in Nigerian schools.

What are the Functions Of Nigerian School Sports Federation(NSSF)?

1. Provides Forum For Sports Development In Schools
2. Administers Sports In Primary And Post Primary Schools
3. Discovers Talented Athletes
4. Facilitates The Mandate Of Turning Nigeria To A Mecca Of Sportsmen And Women
5. Encourages School Sports Development In Nigeria
6. Provides Scholarship For Qualified Students And Athletes
7. Promotes Physical Education
8. Encourages International School Sports Participation























We believe in the potential in everyone


Youth and Dreams - Sports And Play Intervention

SPORTS AND PLAY

Sports and play is one among many approaches use by Youth And Dreams Initiative.
Sports and Play are part of our intervention.

Why sports and play

Psychosocial sports and play programs are a relatively new approach to helping children and youth manage adversity, develop skills and talents.

"Through play children explore, invent and create. They also develop social skills, learn to express their emotions, and gain confidence about their own capabilities. For many children, however, the chance to learn and grow through sport and play is unavailable, robbing them of some of the most important experiences of childhood.

Play in all its forms is the right of every child. Activities that employ and teach safe and inclusive play and sport are tools to improve children’s lives. Children throughout the world are naturally drawn to sport and play, and they can engage all children, even the poorest and most marginalized, to have fun and enjoy their childhood!

Early childhood marks a critical period in the life of a child, and can set the foundation for healthy development and life-long learning. Research shows that early childhood is the most critical period for brain development, and that experiences in the first years of life have more lasting impact on mental health and development than any others.

Throughout the life of a child, sport and play can be valuable tools to promote health and prevent disease, both through sport itself, and through the participatory act of watching others play, with the associated communication, education and social interaction that games can produce."
~UNICEF

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Evidence shows that regular participation in appropriate physical activity and sport provides all people, regardless of ability, with a wide range of physical, social and mental health benefits.
Sport offers opportunities for the development of peer leaders.
Sport increases self-esteem among adolescent girls and provides opportunities for the advancement of girls in the face of gender-related barriers.
Sport can build community, aid conflict resolution and foster mutual understanding and peer support among groups in past or present conflict.
Sport can be used to promote a safe and protective environment for children and to teach young people how to solve conflict in a non-violent manner.
Sport activities can be low-cost and utilize locally-available resources.

Join us today to build life and community.















We believe in potential in everyone

Youth And Dreams on Inspirational kitchen


















Youth and Dreams... There’s just something about this meeting that keep touching lives. However we  never had a session so touching like this. Gabriel Dennis charged dreamers on the topic "Price"... Zamgopwa Zidon inspirational and motivational words cut deep, they are truth blended with emotion, and tears filled my eyes, ...very touching session!
Inspirational Kitchen was a blast anchored by comedian Jesse Bonanda and Adekola Iliya Diyale Our guest Pst. Solomon Tarfa and Aisha Salami. Henrriatha Morrison and Zati Bala from the ladies side, Tonga Ay Mula and Kufe Daniel from the gentlemen's after an inspiration from both team, then the cooking contest.
Pst. Solomon Tarfa spoke on the importance of knowing the diet we consume daily. Aisha Salami encouraged the youth.

More on Inspirational kitchen (copied)

1.Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
2.Choose whole grains over refined grains
3.Replace saturated with unsaturated fat
4.Limit foods and drinks high in fat, sugar and salt
5.Control portion sizes
6.Choose both plant and animal-based proteins
7.Stay hydrated
8.Get your dose of vitamin D in isolation
9.Stay safe while food shopping
10.Don’t forget about food safety

1. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables are among the most important foods for supplying the vitamins, minerals and fibre our body needs for good health and normal immune function.

We should aim to eat at least 5 portions (equivalent to around 400g) of fruits and vegetables every day. Fresh, frozen, canned, dried and juiced (maximum 1 serving per day) versions all count as a portion.

As different coloured fruits and vegetables provide different combinations of vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals, make sure to add variety to your daily meals where possible.


2. Choose whole grains over refined grains
Whole grains, unlike refined grains, maintain most of the structure of the grain, keeping the layers that hold the vitamins, minerals and fibre. In addition, whole grains also provide an important source of carbohydrates which give us energy and can help us feel fuller for longer periods.


3. Replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats
Fats are an important part of a healthy diet. However, not all fats have the same effect on our health. Swapping saturated fats with unsaturated fats can help to lower our LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and reduce our risk of heart disease.1 We can do this by reducing our intake of foods such as fatty meats, high fat dairy products and tropical oils like coconut oil and adding foods such as nuts, oily fish and plant oils such as olive and rapeseed oil.


4. Limit foods and drinks high in fat, sugar and salt
Foods and drinks high in fat, sugar and salt such as cookies, potato chips, chocolate and sugary drinks, when eaten in high amounts can lead us to consume more calories than we need.  As these foods often provide little nutritional benefit, they are not needed for a healthy diet and should only be enjoyed in small amounts and eaten occasionally.


5. Control portion sizes
It can be difficult to get portion sizes right, especially when cooking at home. Understanding what the right portion looks like can help us stay in energy balance and avoid under- or overeating. Not all foods have the same portion sizes. See our “handy” tricks to portion sizes to get a better understanding of what a healthy portion is for different foods. Remember, children’s portions should be smaller!


6. Choose both animal and plant-based proteins
Protein is essential for the healthy functioning of our body and immune system. We can get protein from both animal- and plant-based sources, such as beans, pulses, fish, eggs, dairy products and meats. Our protein requirement changes depending on our stage of life. Adults are recommended to eat at least 0.83 g of protein per kg body weight per day, equivalent to 58 g/day for a 70 kg adult.2 We should choose protein-rich foods that not only help us meet our needs but also support a healthy and sustainable diet.

In case of limited access to fresh meat and fish, frozen and canned versions can provide convenient and nutritious alternatives. However, as the fat and salt content can be high in some canned meats and fish it is important to check the label and choose lower fat and salt varieties. Plant-based proteins such as pulses, cereals, nuts and seeds also have a long shelf-life and can provide convenient protein-rich and nutritious meals or snacks.


7. Stay hydrated
Keeping hydrated is essential for overall health. How much water we need depends on our age, sex, weight, height, level of physical activity and environmental conditions (i.e. hot weather will likely require you to drink more water). Considering that around 20-30% of the water we need comes from our food, the European Food Safety Authority has set average recommendations for how much water we should drink per day depending on our age (figure 6).3

If you have access to safe tap water, this is the healthiest and cheapest drink. For a refreshing boost, you can add slices of lemon, cucumber, mint or berries. Other drinks such as unsweetened coffee, sparkling water, unsweetened tea, iced tea or unsweetened infused or flavoured water are also good choices for hydration.


8. Get your dose of vitamin D in isolation
The sun is the best source of vitamin D, however, during quarantine or self-isolation it may be more difficult to get enough sun exposure to meet our needs. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals who are unable to go outside eat plenty of vitamin D rich foods (figure 7) and consider taking a daily vitamin D supplement. The recommended vitamin D intake for different age groups are:4 

15 µg/day for adults (18+ years), children (1 – 17 years) and pregnant individuals
10 µg/day for infants (7 – 11 months)
10 µg/day for breastfeed infants (0 – 7 months)
If you are in self-isolation and have access to an open window, garden or balcony, then short periods (15-30 minutes) of daily sun exposure to the arms and face without sunscreen can help you meet your daily vitamin D needs. However, we should not forget that for good sun protection we should avoid unprotected sun exposure for more than 30 minutes.


9. Stay safe while food shopping
Grocery stores remain open during the COVID 19 pandemic and there is no need to stockpile foods as the supply of food to stores remains stable.

The risk of contracting COVID-19 from touching contaminated food packaging is very low and this form of infection has not been reported. In stores, the biggest risk of contamination remains contact with other people and ‘high-touch’ surfaces such as weighing scales, shopping-cart handles or elevator buttons, although many stores are taking measures to sanitize these surfaces. Therefore, we should, keep the appropriate distance from other people, avoid touching our faces while out shopping, and wash our hands both after returning home from the shop and after handling newly purchased food packaging. By following these hygiene measures there is no need to disinfect food packaging themselves.

In general, to try and minimise our risk of infection we should take the following measures when food shopping:


10. Don’t forget about food safety
According to EFSA, there is currently no evidence that COVID-19 is transmitted through eating food. However, good food safety practices are important to minimise the risk of foodborne illnesses.

When handing or preparing food, make sure to:

Wash your hands for 20 seconds with soap before and after preparing or eating food
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve when you cough or sneeze and remember to wash your hands after
Wash fruits and vegetables with water before eating them
Disinfect surfaces and objects before and after use
Keep raw and cooked foods separate to avoid harmful microbes from raw foods spreading to ready-to-eat foods
Make sure to cook and reheat foods to adequate temperatures (≥72°C for 2 mins)




Other useful sources

For more general information

World Health Organization (WHO) - Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) – Q&A on COVID-19
For more information on COVID-19 and nutrition:

British Dietetics Association - COVID-19 / Coronavirus - Advice for the General Public
WHO European Region - Food and nutrition tips during self-quarantine
NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health – COVID19: Nutrition Resources
For more information on self-isolation and mental health:

World Health Organisation (WHO) mental health considerations during COVID-19 outbreak
For more information on COVID-19 and risk of transmission via food:

European Commission - COVID-19 and food safety Questions and Answers
For more information on the impact of COVID-19 on the food and agricultural industry:

FAO - Q&A: COVID-19 pandemic – impact on food and agriculture
For more information on the Myths around COVID-19:

World Health Organization (WHO) - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters


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We believe in the potential in everyone

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HOW DANGEROUS SPEECH (DEHUMANIZATION) PLAYS A ROLE IN PERPETUATING CONFLICT DYNAMICS. " Violence starts with dehumanization. Dehumaniza...